1.What are the majority charge carriers in an n-type semiconductor?

2.Which impurity element produces a p-type semiconductor when added to pure Silicon?

3.Why is an extrinsic semiconductor electrically neutral as a whole at room temperature?

4.At 300 K, an intrinsic silicon crystal has an intrinsic carrier concentration n_i = 1.5e16 m^-3. If it is doped with donor atoms such that the electron concentration n_e = 4.5e21 m^-3, calculate the hole concentration n_h (in units of 10^10 m^-3) using the mass action law n_e * n_h = n_i^2.

5.What happens to the electrical conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor when its temperature is increased?

6.What are the normal bias conditions for an npn BJT to operate in its active linear amplification region?

7.In an npn transistor circuit operating in the active region, the collector current I_C = 4.95 mA and the base current I_B = 50 µA. Calculate the DC common-emitter current gain beta (h_FE).

8.A Common Emitter (CE) amplifier has a collector load resistor R_C = 2.0 kΩ and an effective input resistance R_in = 1.0 kΩ. If the transistor current gain beta = 100, calculate the magnitude of the voltage gain |A_v|.

9.What is the phase relationship between the input signal and output signal in a Common Emitter (CE) transistor voltage amplifier?

10.In a transistor circuit, V_CC = 12.0 V, R_C = 1.5 kΩ, and the base is driven heavily into saturation such that V_CE,sat = 0.2 V. What is the saturation collector current I_C,sat in mA?

11.Which of the following is a characteristic of an ideal operational amplifier (Op-Amp)?

12.In an inverting Op-Amp circuit, the input resistor R_in = 10 kΩ and feedback resistor R_f = 50 kΩ. If an input voltage V_in = +1.2 V is applied with supply rails at ±15 V, calculate the output voltage V_out in Volts.

13.A non-inverting Op-Amp amplifier has R_1 = 2.0 kΩ (connected to ground) and feedback resistor R_f = 18.0 kΩ. What is the closed-loop voltage gain A_v of this amplifier?

14.What is the voltage gain and primary application of a voltage follower (buffer) Op-Amp circuit where the output is directly connected to the inverting input (R_f = 0)?

15.An inverting Op-Amp has R_in = 5.0 kΩ, R_f = 50 kΩ, and power supply rails at ±12 V. If an input voltage V_in = 2.0 V is applied, what is the actual output voltage V_out in Volts (assuming rail saturation at ±12 V)?

16.Which logic gate produces an output of logic 0 ONLY when both of its inputs are logic 1?

17.Why are NAND and NOR gates called "universal gates"?

18.According to De Morgan’s Laws, which Boolean expression is equivalent to NOT(A + B)?

19.What is the output Y of a 2-input XOR gate when inputs A = 1 and B = 1?

20.Simplify the Boolean expression: Y = A·B + A·NOT(B).