Thermal Physics
Thermometry, thermal expansion, calorimetry, ideal gas laws, kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamics, and heat transfer mechanisms.
Thermal Physics — Lessons (10)
Thermometry and Thermal Expansion
Thermometric properties, Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, constant-volume gas thermometer, linear, superficial, and cubical thermal expansion of solids and liquids, real vs apparent expansion, and anomalous expansion of water.
Calorimetry and Latent Heat
Specific heat capacity (Q = mcΔθ), latent heat of fusion (L_f) and vaporization (L_v), method of mixtures with radiation loss corrections, and Newton’s Law of Cooling.
Gas Laws and Kinetic Theory
Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Pressure laws, ideal gas equation of state PV = nRT, microscopic kinetic model derivation P = ⅓ρc_rms², and molecular translational kinetic energy (E_k = 3/2 k_B T).
First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic systems, internal energy, work done by expanding gas (W = ∫ P dV), First Law statement (ΔQ = ΔU + W), and isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes.
Thermal Conduction, Convection & Radiation
Steady-state conduction (dQ/dt = kA(θ₁ - θ₂)/d), Searle’s bar method, natural and forced convection, blackbody radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann law (P = eσAT⁴), and Wien’s displacement law.
Interactive Ideal Gas Thermodynamics Laboratory
Real-time interactive piston-cylinder gas simulation with live PV indicator diagrams, molecular kinetic motion visualizer, and energy balance metrics across Isothermal, Isobaric, Isochoric, and Adiabatic processes.
Unit 4 Practicals Hub: Virtual Thermal Laboratory
Interactive virtual laboratory investigations for all 6 official NIE syllabus practicals: Boyle’s Law, solid specific heat capacity, latent heat of fusion of ice, latent heat of vaporization of water, Newton’s Law of Cooling, and Searle’s bar thermal conductivity.
Laws of Thermodynamics and Cyclic Processes
Zeroth Law, First Law of Thermodynamics ΔQ = ΔU + W, work done in gas expansion W = ∫p dV, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes, and heat engine efficiency.
Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Newton’s Law of Cooling
Conduction, Fourier’s law dQ/dt = -kA dT/dx, thermal conductivity k, composite rods in series/parallel, convection currents, black-body radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann law E = σeAT⁴, and Newton’s Law of Cooling.
Unit 4 Comprehensive Assessment: Thermal Physics
Rigorous 20-question summative examination covering all 9 syllabus competencies (4.1 to 4.9: Thermometry, Expansion, Gas Laws, Kinetic Theory, Calorimetry, Phase Changes, Humidity, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer) with automated grading and competency analysis.